Italy · 30% · 70cl · 8000353003910 ...Oct 1, 2012 · All tastings reported in the Buying Guide are performed blind. Typically, products are tasted in peer-group flights of from 5-8 samples. Reviewers may know general information about a flight to provide context—vintage, variety or appellation—but never the producer or retail price of any given selection. 16,5% Alc. by Vol. Luxardo Antico is Luxardo’s own interpretation of a ver- mouth. When Luxardo marasca cherries are harvested at the beginning of every summer, part of the juice is separated and left to mature until natural fermentation occurs. When a certain alcohol by volume is reached neutral alcohol is added to the juice to avoid further ...The white negroni is a warm-weather riff on the classic cocktail. Made with gin, Suze, and Lillet Blanc (or similar liquors), this recipe is a little bitter, a little sweet, and all sophistication. The white negroni, a modern riff on the negroni cocktail, is what I turn to in the warmer months. It’s like switching out your winter coat come ...More about Luxardo Bitter Bianco. Produced by: Girolamo Luxardo SpA Owned by: the Luxardo family. Girolamo Luxardo SpA. Status: Operational Established: 1821 Visitor Policy: Not generally accessible Tel: +39 (0)49 99 34 811 Website: Girolamo Luxardo SpA Address: Via Romana 42, Torreglia, Padova, 35038View 250 cocktails with Italian red bitter liqueur. A classic Italian red bitter aperitivo made by infusing fruits and herbs including sweet oranges, bitter oranges, rhubarb, mint, marjoram and thyme. First launched in Italy in the 1990s, Luxardo Bitter Rosso was made available in the UK in 2024.It tastes surprisingly bitter with a soft citrus undertone and some sweetness, staying refreshing. You can use a 1:1 ratio when using Suze as a Luxardo Bitter Bianco substitute. 2. Campari. Campari is one of the more popular bitter Italian aperitifs, known for its flavors and brilliantly-red color. It’s made of various herbs and spices ...Luxardo Bitter Bianco shares the same infusions of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits with Luxardo Bitter. Before the blending process however, most of these infusions are distilled, process which turns the color into transparent, and changes slightly the flavor profile. An infusion of Roman Absinth (Wormwood) is added at the end ...Luxardo Bitter is obtained from a separate infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Such infusions are then blended together according a Luxardo Family original recipe before being filtered and bottled. Bright red in colour, herbal and citrusy aromas meet distinctive gentian and wormwood flavours, which distinguish …Luxardo Bitter Bianco Spritz “This is what I want to drink every day,” said Schramm, of the bianco expression of the famed liqueur brand’s newly released RTD line. A blend of Luxardo Bitter Bianco (the Crystal Pepsi of red bitters) and sparkling water, its decidedly bitter finish sets it apart in a field of cocktails that tended toward ... Luxardo® Bitter Bianco comes from a well-balanced distilled infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Great for mixing, Luxardo Bitter Bianco is a key ingredient for many cocktails. View all products by Luxardo California Residents: Click here for Proposition 65 WARNING 30 ml. – 1 oz. Luxardo Bitter Bianco 20 ml. – ⅔ oz. White Rhum 15 ml. – ½ oz. Dry Vermouth. Method: Stir. Garnish: Grapefruit zest. Glass: Established in 1821 by Girolamo Luxardo and still entirely controlled by the same founding family, Luxardo exports its specialties in over 86 different countries around the world.Το Luxardo Bitter Bianco ταιριάζει άψογα σε κλασικά κοκτέιλ όπως το Negroni που μετατρέπεται σε Negroni Bianco, ένα Paloma σε Paloma Bianco κ.λπ., αλλά μπορεί επίσης να το απολαύσετε σκέτο ή με πάγο ως κλασικό aperitivo. The first clear bitter to hit the US market. A recipe from the 1930's: herbs like mint, marjoram, thyme, bitter orange and wormwood. Cocktails: White Negroni, Winter Spritz and Bitter Bianco and Soda. Luxardo Bitter Bianco ($25) Liquor.com / Laura Sant. The Luxardo company was founded on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia in 1821, when Italian husband and wife expats Girolamo and Maria Luxardo opened their distillery with their still-famed maraschino liqueur. A move back to Italy and a multitude of products later, Luxardo is …Revival of Luxardo’s original 1930’s recipe. Produced through a distilled infusion of herbs. Infused with the same herbs as the Bitter Rosso, (mint, marjoram, thyme and bitter orange), with the addition of wormwood. Applications include the White Spritz, White Negroni, and Bitter Bianco & Soda.Για το Negroni Bianco σε ένα χαμηλό ποτήρι προσθέστε 30ml Luxardo Bitter Bianco, 30ml Portobello Road Gin και 30ml Cocchi Americano Bianco. Ανακατέψτε καλά με λίγο πάγο και γαρνίρουμε με μια φλούδα λεμόνι. Για το Clear Garibaldi σε ένα ποτήρι ...Το Luxardo Bitter Bianco ταιριάζει άψογα σε κλασικά κοκτέιλ όπως το Negroni που μετατρέπεται σε Negroni Bianco, ένα Paloma σε Paloma Bianco κ.λπ., αλλά μπορεί επίσης να το απολαύσετε σκέτο ή με πάγο ως κλασικό aperitivo.Για το Negroni Bianco σε ένα χαμηλό ποτήρι προσθέστε 30ml Luxardo Bitter Bianco, 30ml Portobello Road Gin και 30ml Cocchi Americano Bianco. Ανακατέψτε καλά με λίγο πάγο και γαρνίρουμε με μια φλούδα λεμόνι. Για το Clear Garibaldi σε ένα ποτήρι ...Luxardo Bitter Bianco shares the same infusions of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits with Luxardo Bitter. Before the blending process however, most of these infusions are distilled, a process which turns the color into transparent, and changes slightly the flavor profile. An infusion of Roman Absinth (WorEstablished in 1821 by Girolamo Luxardo and still entirely controlled by the same founding family, Luxardo exports its specialties in over 86 different countries around the world. ... Bitter; Bitter Bianco; Aperitivo; Other Liqueurs & Distillates; Cocktails. Pastry & Gourmet; Flavours, Infusions & Distillates; Sugared Aromas; Non-Alcoholic ...1 ounce Luxardo Bitter Bianco. 1 ounce dry vermouth. Add everything to a stirring glass filled with ice and stir to chill. Strain into a coupe, or over a cube if you prefer, and garnish with a ...The basic old fashioned recipe is so old that no one’s sure exactly who invented it. Dating back to the 1800s, it follows the classic cocktail formula of liquor, sugar and bitters ... Luxardo Bitter Bianco comes from a well-balanced distilled infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Great for mixing, Luxardo Bitter Bianco is a key ingredient for many cocktails. Hatred and extremism signify the new normal in Indian public discourse. At other times, none would have noticed the tone and tenor of the tweets sent out by Indian home minister Ra...If you’re brave enough to leave behind everything familiar and comforting, which can be anything from your h If you’re brave enough to leave behind everything familiar and comforti...Herb and Spice Liqueurs constitute one of the sub-categories of the broad liqueur family, one which came out of the monasteries of Europe where, over the centuries, monks developed herbal remedies ... Stores and prices for 'Luxardo Bitter Bianco Liqueur' | tasting notes, market data, where to buy in Philippines.Bitter Bianco. Go to product. Luxardo Aperitivo. Go to product. Amaro Abano. Go to product. Amaro Abano Dry. Go to product. Fernet. Go to product ... Established in 1821 by Girolamo Luxardo and still entirely …16 Nov 2018 ... Today I want to introduce one of my new favorite bottles: Luxardo Bitter Bianco. This herbal liqueur is a bitter like Campari, Aperol, or Suze.Luxardo Bitter Bianco ($25) Liquor.com / Laura Sant. The Luxardo company was founded on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia in 1821, when Italian husband and wife expats Girolamo and Maria Luxardo opened their distillery with their still-famed maraschino liqueur. A move back to Italy and a multitude of products later, Luxardo is … About Luxardo Bitter Bianco Liqueur. This revival of Luxardo’s original 1930’s recipe is a clear expression of bitter with no artificial coloring. An excellent complement for many delicious cocktails. Try it in a white spritz, a white negroni, even in a Bitter Bianco & Soda. "Luxardo's new Bitter Bianco is a new, versatile citrus-scented ... Aug 19, 2022 · Luxardo Bitter Bianco is a unique bittersweet aperitif liqueur made with white wine and herbs. The company, founded in 1884 by Girolamo Luxardo, originally produced Maraschino, a liqueur made from the Marasca cherry, which is still a popular brand today. Bitter Bianco can be enjoyed neat or in cocktails. It is perfect for aperitifs and Add to cart. Noroi Juniper Burst Bitters Bitter liqueur | 100 ml | Canada. SAQ Code 14250107. (2) $19.95. Online In store. Add to cart. Noroi Orange Bitters Bitter liqueur | 100 ml | Canada. SAQ Code 14028709.Luxardo Bitter Bianco is a unique bittersweet aperitif liqueur made with white wine and herbs. The company, founded in 1884 by Girolamo Luxardo, originally …Luxardo Bitter Bianco, a clear liqueur that has the dry, bitter comportment of Campari but...All versions of the drink use gin as the base spirit, then either Lillet Blanc or Blanc/Bianco Vermouth, and then the bitter component is where things get a little wild. ... Luxardo Bianco, Suze, or Cocchi Americano will all work well in place of the Saler's, and Lillet Blanc would be nice instead of the dolin blanc.Luxardo Bitter Bianco is a delicious Italian aperitivo that has been produced by the Luxardo family for generations. The recipe dates back to 1885, and it is made with only the finest ingredients, … Luxardo Bitter Bianco shares the same infusions of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits with Luxardo Bitter. Before the blending process however, most of these infusions are distilled, process which turns the color into transparent, and changes slightly the flavor profile. An infusion of Roman Absinth (Wormwood) is added at the end to enhance the bitter taste, giving the ivory color ... Luxardo Bitter Bianco. A revival of Luxardo’s original 1930’s recipe, this clear aperitif-style liqueur is made from an infusion of herbs and spices no artificial coloring. Luxardo Sambuca Dei Cesari. Sambuca is Italy's national anise-based liqueur, and Luxardo Sambuca is an exquisite and well-balanced example. Luxardo Sambuca is produced ...Luxardo Bitter is obtained from a separate infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Such infusions are then blended together according a Luxardo Family original recipe before being filtered and bottled. Bright red in colour, herbal and citrusy aromas meet distinctive gentian and wormwood flavours, which distinguish …Luxardo Bitter Bianco shares the same infusions of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits with Luxardo Bitter. Before the blending process.This is a drink for new beginnings: Edward Hansel developed it as a smoother gateway for those curious but unaccustomed to Fernet shots. The trio of coffee liqueur, amaro and Luxardo Bitter Bianco in the Capputivo is delicate, but still revving—that’s why Hansel suggests drinking it to start your day or evening—“at 7 a.m. or p.m., with rad sunglasses …Our ready-to-drink canned cocktails take the best of our premium Italian liqueurs — Luxardo Aperitivo, Sour Cherry Gin, and Bitter Bianco — and infuses their unique, time-honored flavors into a perfectly portable format for every occasion. Find a flavor to fit. Get Luxardo ready to drink canned cocktails. Since 1821, Luxardo has invited you ...Luxardo Bitter Bianco. Price: $25-30 Alcohol Content: 30% Popular Cocktails: Negroni Bianco. Since I love the Negroni Bianco, I wanted to use the Luxardo in another riff on the Negroni, the Negroni Sbagliato. Translating roughly to “mistaken Negroni,” this drink was supposedly invented when a bartender poured prosecco into a Negroni …Luxardo Bitter Bianco. Luxardo Bitter Bianco. $29.00. $29.00. -. +. Add to cart. Information; Reviews (0). Availability: In stock (2). Add your review.COCKTAIL RECIPES. More. Buy Luxardo Bottles. 0. This twist on the Paloma balances a bitter, botanical edge from Luxardo Bitter Bianco with sweet, round notes of Luxardo …Home / Products / Luxardo Bitter Bianco. Luxardo Bitter Bianco. $28. Sorry, this item is sold out. Let us notify you if this product becomes available: ...Luxardo Bitter Bianco shares the same infusions of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits with Luxardo Bitter. Before the blending process however, most of these infusions are distilled, a process which turns the color into transparent, and changes slightly the flavor profile. An infusion of Roman Absinth (Wor Shop online for Luxardo Bitter Bianco, a revival of a 1930s recipe with fruity aromas and spicy notes. Enjoy it in cocktails like White Negroni, Winter Spritz, or Bitter Bianco & Soda. Shop online for Luxardo Bitter Bianco, a revival of a 1930s recipe with fruity aromas and spicy notes. Enjoy it in cocktails like White Negroni, Winter Spritz, or Bitter Bianco & Soda. Established in 1821 by Girolamo Luxardo and still entirely controlled by the same founding family, Luxardo exports its specialties in over 86 different countries around the world. ... Bitter; Bitter Bianco; Aperitivo; Other Liqueurs & Distillates; Cocktails. Pastry & Gourmet; Flavours, Infusions & Distillates; Sugared Aromas; Non-Alcoholic ...Luxardo bitter bianco comes from a well-balanced distilled infusion of bitter herbs aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Great for mixing luxardo bitter bianco is a key ingredient for many cocktails. 30% abv colour: ivory. Aroma: fruity with a prevalence of sweet and bitter oranges balanced by hints of spices and botanicals. Taste: round and …$34.95. LCBO#: 495747. 750 ml bottle. Product Details. This bitter is made from a combination of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruit. Fruity sweet citrus notes fill … Luxardo Bitter Bianco. Luxardo Bitter Bianco 70cl / 30% Add to Wishlist. 5 (1 Review) In Stock. Web Exclusive Price. £18.75. £15.63 ex VAT (£26.79 per litre) Luxardo Bitter Bianco. Luxardo Bitter Bianco 70cl / 30% Add to Wishlist. 5 (1 Review) In Stock. Web Exclusive Price. £18.75. £15.63 ex VAT (£26.79 per litre) Bitter wormwood, gentian and rhubarb balanced by a touch of sweetness. Great for a white Negroni, or on its own with soda and an orange slice. Skip to content ... Luxardo Bitter Bianco Herbal Liqueur. Download Our App. Contact Us (617) 459-2383; [email protected]; 372 Commercial Street, Boston, MA 02109; Reviews.Flavor-wise it is most similar to Suze, but with a bitterness that makes Luxardo Bitter Bianco's wormwood-spiked gential liqueur seem like sweet candy. An absolute bully in cocktails that needs to be used in moderation and/or paired with big, bold spirits and flavors. Luxardo Bitter Bianco.Luxardo Bitter Bianco 750ml. $28.35 $24.99. Luxardo Bitter Bianco shares the same infusions of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits with Luxardo Bitter. Before the blending process however, most of these infusions are distilled, process which turns the color into transparent, and changes slightly the flavor profile.More about Luxardo Bitter Bianco. Produced by: Girolamo Luxardo SpA Owned by: the Luxardo family. Girolamo Luxardo SpA. Status: Operational Established: 1821 Visitor Policy: Not generally accessible Tel: +39 (0)49 99 34 811 Website: Girolamo Luxardo SpA Address: Via Romana 42, Torreglia, Padova, 35038Apr 17, 2023 · Instructions: Fill a tall glass with ice. Add Bitter Bianco, vermouth, citric acid solution and stir. Top with prosecco and garnish with an orange slice, red currants, and an edible flower, if desired. *Citric Acid Solution. Combine ½ tsp citric acid with 2 oz water and stir until dissolved. Bar founder Josh Harris “feels strongly” that the liqueur’s sunny hue and distinct gentian bitterness don’t belong in the modern classic, and opts for Luxardo Bitter Bianco instead. While Harris favors an “old-school London dry” for this drink, he notes that a wide range of gins will work, though the end result “can be ... Italy · 30% · 70cl · 8000353003910 ...Luxardo Bitter Bianco x 750 ml. Base alcohólica infusionado con Hierbas, Cortezas y Cítricos. Notas de CataNariz: aromas herbales y especiadas con un pequeño dulzor. entrada suave, con una permanencia cítrica en el retrogusto. Preparación recomendada: un Clásico Bamboo.Luxardo Bitter Bianco Eyes: Nose: Mouth: Bottlerocket Index:Combine the sugar and raspberries in an airtight container in the refrigerator for 12 to 24 hours. Strain off the pulp from the mixture. Add an equal part of apple cider vinegar, or more to taste. Inspired by golden-hour aperitivo in Rome, this cocktail recipe channels citrus by way of Luxardo Bitter Bianco, Curaçao, and Cognac.Luxardo is one of the oldest European firms producing liqueurs and spirits. Transferred from Zara to Torreglia (Padova) in 1947 due to the consequences of the Second World War, Luxardo is a place where centuries old traditions meet cutting edge production methods. LIQUEURS. Traditional copper pot stills, aging vats, marasca cherry orchards,Luxardo - Bitter Bianco ... Save 10% when you purchase any 12 bottles of wine. Individual products or mix and match. Discount will be applied at checkout. Add ...Luxardo Bitter Bianco shares the same infusions of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits with Luxardo Bitter. Before the blending process however, most of these infusions are distilled, process which turns the color into transparent, and changes slightly the flavor profile. An infusion of Roman Absinth (Wormwood) is added at the end ... Luxardo Bitter Bianco comes from a well-balanced distilled infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Great for mixing, Luxardo Bitter Bianco is a key ingredient for many cocktails. Bitter Bianco è perfetto per fare un “twist” di cocktail classici come il Negroni che diventa un Negroni Bianco, un Paloma in un Paloma Bianco ecc. Ma può anche essere gustato …Luxardo has announced that it will release Luxardo Bitter Bianco in the UK this Spring. The product is an infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and ... About Luxardo Bitter Bianco Liqueur. This revival of Luxardo’s original 1930’s recipe is a clear expression of bitter with no artificial coloring. An excellent complement for many delicious cocktails. Try it in a white spritz, a white negroni, even in a Bitter Bianco & Soda. "Luxardo's new Bitter Bianco is a new, versatile citrus-scented ... Meet @henryhonzel’s Vapor Trail: Rainier Gin, Luxardo Bitter Bianco, Italicus, lemon,..." Fresh new tasty treats comin’ atcha this week! Meet @henryhonzel’s Vapor Trail: Rainier …The white negroni is a warm-weather riff on the classic cocktail. Made with gin, Suze, and Lillet Blanc (or similar liquors), this recipe is a little bitter, a little sweet, and all sophistication. The white negroni, a modern riff on the negroni cocktail, is what I turn to in the warmer months. It’s like switching out your winter coat come ...Luxardo Bitter Bianco is an updated version of a 1930s bitter aperitivo recipe. It is produced using a distilled infusion of herbs and spices including...soda + luxardo bitter bianco + dolin blanc. RED soda+ martini bitter and rosso. cynar & bitter lemon tonic 12. gin & tonic 14. kir royale 18. mojito apertivo LOW ABV 13. sbagliato 13. WHITE bubbles + luxardo bitter bianco + dolin blanc RED bubbles + martini bitter and rosso. terrazzo toddy SERVED HOT 16 Buy Luxardo Bottles. Play Video. Shop Luxardo | Luxardo is Italy's premier liqueur and original cherry producer, creating essential ingredients for modern and classic cocktails. Discover and shop Luxardo's collection of award-winning spirits, liqueurs, and Maraschino Cherries. Luxardo Bitter Bianco este un lichior complex dulce-amarui, cu istorie indelungata dar lansat pe piata abia in 2016. Reteta de baza folosita presupune un amestec de plante aromatice, fructe si ierburi supuse unui proces de distilare, in urma caruia capata aspect transparent si un plus aromatic adaugat profilului.Canned Cocktails from Luxardo, Italian Style! Aperitivo Spritz, Bianco Spritz and Sour Cherry Gin and Tonic. Since 1821, Luxardo has invited you to come together with friends and family over incredible classic cocktails. ... Touch of Sweetness | Bitter Finish 250ml 10% ABV. Sour Cherry Gin & Tonic is an innovative take on the classic Gin ...Add to cart. Noroi Juniper Burst Bitters Bitter liqueur | 100 ml | Canada. SAQ Code 14250107. (2) $19.95. Online In store. Add to cart. Noroi Orange Bitters Bitter liqueur | 100 ml | Canada. SAQ Code 14028709.0.5 oz. lemon juice. 0.5 oz. honey or honeydew honey*. 2 oz. tonic water. Method: Build ingredients in an ice-filled wine glass and top with tonic water. Stir to combine and garnish with a slide ...
Luxardo Bitter is obtained from a separate infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Such infusions are then blended together according a Luxardo Family original recipe before being filtered and bottled. Bright red in colour, herbal and citrusy aromas meet distinctive gentian and wormwood flavours, which distinguish Luxardo Bitter. Ideal for many classic ... . T shirt wholesaler
Luxardo® Bitter Bianco comes from a well-balanced distilled infusion of bitter herbs, aromatic plants and citrus fruits in water and alcohol. Great for mixing, Luxardo Bitter Bianco is a key ingredient for many cocktails. View all products by Luxardo California Residents: Click here for Proposition 65 WARNINGThis combination of Luxardo Bitters, sparkling water and natural flavors is a refreshingly clear and lighter twist on the classic and delivers notes of grapefruit zest, a touch of sweetness and a bitter finish.16 Nov 2018 ... Today I want to introduce one of my new favorite bottles: Luxardo Bitter Bianco. This herbal liqueur is a bitter like Campari, Aperol, or Suze.Luxardo Bitter Bianco 750ML. Details Hide Show . Varietal/Type: Aperitif. Size: 750ML. Product of: Italy. Product Reviews Hide Show . Write a Review. You Might Also Like: Quick view. Luxardo Bitter Liqueur 750ML. Luxardo $25.99. 750ML ... The Bianco Paloma is a modern twist that takes the original’s grapefruit flavor and dials it up to veinte — or maybe venti. We swapped out the grapefruit soda for fresh grapefruit juice, and added two Italian apéritifs that are well-known complements of citrus fruit: Luxardo Bitter Bianco and Luxardo Maraschino Originale. Luxardo aveva un Bitter Bianco in produzione sin dai primi anni del ‘900, ma con la distruzione dell’azienda di Zara, nessun campione o bottiglia esistente fu mai trovato. Bitter Bianco condivide le stesse infusioni di erbe amaricanti, piante aromatiche ed agrumi con il Bitter “rosso”. Prima del processo di miscelazione, tuttavia, la ...MAILING ADDRESS North Carolina Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission. 4307 Mail Service Center. Raleigh, NC 27699-4307Luxardo Bitter Bianco Spritz 14.99 Coppa Cocktails Strawberry Daiquiri 21.32 Coppa Cocktails Pina Colada 21.32. 065200 750ml 24.99 3.00 21.99 066015 750ml 29.99 2.00 27.99 066136 750ml 19.99 2.00 17.99 066524 750ml 28.99 2.00 26.99 072597 1L 12.99 1.00 11.99 072607 1L 12.99 1.00 11.99 Bar founder Josh Harris “feels strongly” that the liqueur’s sunny hue and distinct gentian bitterness don’t belong in the modern classic, and opts for Luxardo Bitter Bianco instead. While Harris favors an “old-school London dry” for this drink, he notes that a wide range of gins will work, though the end result “can be ... Luxardo Bitter Bianco - This is an aperitivo with forward floral notes and hints of citrus and herbaceous aromas. Bergamot Liqueur - The bottle is beautiful and the flavor added to this french negroni is truly divine. It’s refreshingly bitter, fruity and crisp.• Taste: bittersweet. Ripe pear, zesty orange, lemon and rooty bitterness, rosemary-led herbal complexity and white pepper-led spice. Long, bitter, herbal and lightly spiced finish Perfect serve: • Negroni Bianco 35 ML – 1 ¼ oz. Luxardo Bitter Bianco 30 ML – 1 oz. Dry Vermouth 20 ML – 2/3 oz Luxardo London Dry Gin Method: Stir ....